Analysis Of Capital Asset Pricing Model Scenarios Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 890 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Diversification refers to the strategies of reducing economic risk by investing in assets whose performance is not affected by the same economic variables. A group of assets forms a portfolio. A company can have two types of economic risks; financial risks and total operating risks. Financial risk results from use of debt capital in the companys structure and it is usually measured using the gearing ratio. Gearing ratio is found by dividing total debt capital with equity and then multiplying the quotient with a hundred percent. The higher the gearing ratio the higher the risk The total operating risk is the fluctuation of the companys expected earnings of portfolio due to the nature of the industry in which the company operates. Total risk is a combination of systematic and unsystematic risk. Systematic risk is the variation in return of securities due to factors which systematically affect all firms adversely such as war, recession and high interest rate. Syst ematic risks are therefore not diversifiable and the concept of diversification cannot apply to them. Based on this argument then, it is correct to say that a large fire that relentlessly affects three major U.S. cites is a systematic risk and systematic risks are not diversifiable. Unsystematic risk is the variation in return of a company or a security due to factors unique or specific to a particular company or portfolio. These are the factors such as legal suits, winning or losing in a major contract, successful or unsuccessful marketing strategy. Since these events are random, they can be eliminated by diversification where bad events in one firm will be offset by a good event in the other. A significant anticipated increase in oil prices and a major legal suit against a public company are unsystematic risks which can be eliminated by portfolio diversification. Factors affecting the efficiency of a portfolio include the number of securities forming the portfolio and the na ture of relationship between return of security forming the portfolio. Research has shown that between twenty and twenty five well selected securities will form an efficient portfolio. The nature of relationship between return of security forming the portfolio can either be positive or negative. Security returns are assumed to have a negative relationship if a given economic factor affects their performance in the opposite direction. Therefore for risk diversification negative relationship is recommended. Capital asset pricing model Given that the return of asset i is 10%, the risk free rate is 3% and the Beta (b) for Asset I is 1.5 the expected rate of return of the market portfolio is given by: Expected return of market portfolio will be abbreviated as E_Rm Beta for asset I will be abbreviated as B_i Risk free rate will be abbreviated as R_f Market return for asset I will be abbreviated as R_i E_Rm = R_f + B_i (R_i- R_f ) E_Rm = 3% + 1.5 (10% 3%) = 13.5 If the expected rate of return on asset j is 14%, the Beta of the asset is 1.5 and the expected return on the market portfolio is 12% then by rearranging the CAPM we can find the risk free rate. 12% = R_f + 1.5 (14% -? R?_f ) 21%-12%=1.5 R_f- ? R?_f 0.5 ? R?_f = 9 ? R?_f = 18% The Beta of an entire market portfolio is usually equal to one therefore the Beta of a portfolio containing half of the stocks in the entire market is zero point five (0.5) Message of CAPM to corporate and investors CAPM allows the analyst to split the total risk of security into portions namely diversifiable and non diversifiable risk. It provides a framework for measuring systematic risk of an individual security and relating it to the systematic risk of a well diversified portfolio. CAPM states that the risk that remains after diversification can be measured by the degree to which the given stock tends to move up and down in the market (the sensitivity of the returns to changes in mark et portfolio). Systematic risk can be measured by Beta factor. To investors and corporate CAPM allows them to identify extent of diversifiable risk in their portfolio and contrasts this risk to an ideal portfolio. CAPM also allows investors and corporate apply the security market line (SML). The tradeoff between market risk and return in a well diversified portfolio is represented by the security market line. This is important for corporate as they strive to achieve optimal market portfolio in order to achieve the best return and attract investors. SML is similar to capital market line (CML) except in the following ways; CML deals with total risk as measured by standard deviation while SML deals with systematic risk as measured by beta factor. The CML deals with efficient portfolios while the SML deals with individual security. Since investors deal with individual securities they can apply SML. Corporations can use CML since they are interested in total risk. The main message of CAPM is therefore; a market portfolio is representative of all the securities in the market, a security with a Beta factor equal to one means all securities in the market are represented in the in the portfolio, a security with a Beta factor more than one is said to be more sensitive and less than one is sad to be less sensitive. The risk free rate is represented by the treasury bills and government bonds rate of return. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Analysis Of Capital Asset Pricing Model Scenarios Finance Essay" essay for you Create order

Albert The Absurd Camus Essay - 1071 Words

Albert The Absurd Camus â€Å"Albert Camus is one of the most likeable and approachable of the mid-twentieth-century French authors† (Brosman 10).This is quite a compliment for Camus, but most would agree. In France, Albert is known for his many books, two which have made the French best-sellers list. His works are often read and studied in French secondary-school class rooms, introducing a countless number of students to his pieces each year. Camus also holds the high honor of receiving the Nobel Prize for literature in 1957 (Boak 346). His wide popularity has made his name known in North America as well. Just what is Albert Camus so popular for one might ask? The answer would be his approach to his work— the underlying beliefs of†¦show more content†¦Catherine was already illiterate and deaf when married to Lucien, but after hearing the news of her late husband became even more withdrawn from the world. She took her two sons to live in poverty with her mother and brother in the Belc ourt, a division of Algiers (â€Å"Wikipedia† 1; Cruickshank 1). Albert loved his mother very much, yet did not feel his love reciprocated. The early years for Camus were lonely with the absence of his father and difficulty to communicate with his mother. As Albert grew older, he attended lycà ©e (term for secondary schooling in France) and the University of Algiers. At the university, he found a love for the sport of soccer. Unfortunately, his time as the team’s goalie was forced to end when in 1930 he fell ill to tuberculosis, a battle he would continually have to fight in his life (MacDonald 145). With this news, Camus turned to his studies, developing his literary career. Camus was particularly inspired by one of his university teachers, Jean Grenier. Jean was an advisor to Albert in his interest of literary and philosophical ideas (Cruickshank 1). Camus considered following his teacher’s footsteps and becoming a teacher; however, this career faltered with another episode of tuberculosis, causing him to not qualify for the position. He now turned his attention to a literary career. Camus had many jobs as a writer. He worked for a political newspaper, where he could defend his homeland Algeria, to which he had a strongShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Absurd By Albert Camus1649 Words   |  7 Pagesis what French philosopher, Albert Camus, considered â€Å"Absurd.† Any hopeful searching for concrete meanings is met with the discouraging and disheartening realization that there are no true meanings. For many of us, the idea of the world being made with no fated purpose or that any individual effort made toward changing the world will be met by a forgetful and meaningless universe that will continue to be indifferent toward our existence is a despairing notion. Camus believed The Myth of SisyphusRead MoreExistentialism And The Absurd By Albert Camus1186 Words   |  5 Pageswork. In his various books, short stories, and plays, the French-Algerian writer Albert Camus relates to his philosophical beliefs: specifically existentialism and the absurd, as well as his connecting idea of rebellion. Camus’ most prominent works – such as the novels The Plague, The Stranger, The Rebel, and others – reflect these beliefs and ideas he held. Though he was and continues to be considered as one, Camus made a point of rejecting the label of an existentialist. Existentialism is essentiallyRead MoreThe Absurd Man By Albert Camus1275 Words   |  6 Pagessolely contain themselves among the absurd walls desperately applying any type of meaning to their life. Partaking in these naive decisions ultimately implies that this person will never truly live and will ignore carpe diem despite realizing that every life eventually ends. Defying the philosophy of the absurd inevitably creates the absurd man. In the three works that will be discussed, by Albert camus tend to deal with the philosophy of the absurd and how the absurd man abides to this philosophy. ThroughRead MoreEssay on The Absurd in Albert Camus’ The Stranger1036 Words   |  5 PagesEmpathy makes us human yet not all humans are emphatic, In Albert Camus’ The Stranger a suspiciously apathetic man named Meursault comes to light as a criminal. However Meursa ult perpetrated a crime of passion, is that not absurd for a negligent man? In a simple view of Meursault life and philosophies the remission of human feelings is evident, and slightly frightening. In the stranger most of the events in the main characters life require an emotional effect, the death of his mother, the engagementRead MoreAbsurd Actions of Meursault in The Stranger by Albert Camus538 Words   |  2 PagesIn â€Å"The Stranger† by Camus, Meursault’s actions throughout the story can be summed up in one word, absurd. From the start of the story Meursault showed no regard to human life. Life to him was meaningless. His action toward his mother’s death was the 1st encounter into how emotionless, cold, untouched unmoved Meursault was. Although he attended her funeral he was only there in the physical. Natures’ element and the environment around him was more of concern to him than the death of his motherRead MoreAn Absurd Situation in an African Town of Oran in Albert Camus Novel, The Plague1143 Words   |  5 Pagesthey can focus on solving the problem. The absurd situation in the small, African town of Oran is an unstoppable plague that strikes the town causing many to die at the hand of nature’s most merciless creation. Albert Camus, in his novel The Plague, demonstrates that life is absurd and meaningless through the random deaths of the towns people and the seemingly unstoppable plague. Doctor Bernard Rieux, in Camus’ novel realizes that the situation is absurd, b ut he continues to do what needs to be doneRead MoreAlbert Camus and Bohemian Rhapsody Comparison1695 Words   |  7 Pagesthe writings of â€Å"Queen† and Albert Camus Albert Camus was one of the most renowned authors during the early twentieth century. With writings such as The Stranger, and The Plague, Camus has struck the world of literature with amazing works that are analyzed to a great extent. This amazing success was not just handed to Camus on a silver platter however; Albert endured many hard times and was often encumbered with great illness in his short life. These hardships that Camus had to face, emphasized inRead More Albert Camus The Myth of Sisyphus Essays814 Words   |  4 PagesAlbert Camus The Myth of Sisyphus Albert Camus essay, The Myth Of Sisyphus is an insightful analysis of the classic work, The Myth Of Sisyphus. In some regards Camus view of Sisyphus can seem quite accurate and in tune with the original text, but based on Camus interpretation of the justness of Sisyphus punishment, it is clear that the writer has some different ideas as well. Camus concludes that this punishment does not have the effect the Gods had intended, and ultimately theRead MoreThe Outsider1524 Words   |  7 Pages14 to 15 from The Outsider by Albert Camus Word Count: 1,378 I have decided to focus on an extract from chapter 1 of Albert Camus’ The Outsider as I feel this extract is highly significant as it serves as a device of exposition to develop Meursault’s, continuously judged, character and provides foregrounding for the rest of the novel. The prose style throughout this extract allows Camus to convey his philosophy of the absurd and portray Meursault as a socialRead MoreThe Absurd Man Is A Man Like Yours Truly1500 Words   |  6 Pagesreflects back to me with life but it also reflects back to Camus’ philosophy – the absurd. In one’s own view, the absurd man is a man like yours truly. Life is absurd: the knowledge that death is inevitable makes life meaningless. Absurdism is a philosophy stating that the efforts of humanity to find meaning in the universe will ultimately fail because no such meaning exists (at least in relation to humanity). As Camus says in â€Å"An Absurd Reasoning† from his essay collec tion The Myth Of Sisyphus:

Tobacco Industry Csr Malaysia Free Essays

1. 0 INTRODUCTION Major tobacco firms in Malaysia have begun investing aggressively Corporate Social Responsibility activities to build a positive public image and brand activities via large contributions into social programs nationwide, and to be recognised as contributors to the greater common good. Although CSR is considered as a corporate entity along standards of business ethics, tobacco industry philanthropic activities encounter much criticism and threat of a comprehensive ban on CSR atop present legislations for Tobacco Advertising, Promotion Sponsorship worldwide. We will write a custom essay sample on Tobacco Industry Csr Malaysia or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many concerns have been raised over the practice; alleging that the motives behind tobacco industry CSR are to manipulate public perception of responsible marketing practices and gain favourable position for the individual firms in Malaysia. 2. 0 CSR AND ITS STRATEGIC ADVANTAGES Holme and Watts define CSR as an ongoing pledge by corporations to conduct themselves in an ethical manner and contribute to economic growth while developing the quality of workforce livelihood and their families, and the overall local community and societies. CSR programs were developed to answer public urges for corporations to advocate ethical, environmental, health and labour regulations. The Sustainability Entrepreneurship Model by Young and Tilley, as shown in Appendix I, comprises of six decisive factors: eco-efficiency, socio-efficiency, eco-effectiveness, socio-effectiveness and sufficiency and ecological equity; for corporate sustainability which adds to the business’s social responsibilities and enhances its effectiveness, bringing higher cost savings and better profit margins. 8% of consumers said they were more likely to purchase from companies that engages in initiatives to develop society. 3. 0 TOBACCO INDUSTRY AND TOBACCO USE IN MALAYSIA Malaysia is a major cigarette-manufacturing showpiece for tobacco transnational corporations operating in the South East Asian region. Among 92 sectors, the tobacco industry ranks 5th with an economic output totaling to RM11. 7 billion or 3% of Malaysia’s GDP. The tobacco indu stry in Malaysia comprises of large corporations such as British American Tobacco, market share 68%; Japan Tobacco Inc. 17. 7%; and Philip Morris International, 15. 3%. The industry considers itself a vital contributor in developing Malaysia’s socio-economic condition of the rural population. Tobacco is Malaysia’s most largely cultivated non-food crop, with 12,148 hectares and 1,200 hectares of land solely for tobacco cultivation in Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia respectively. The industry’s activities range from tobacco leaf cultivation and curing, tobacco production to marketing and distribution. Records show that more than 190,000 people are employed in the industry, and 120,000 people involved in tobacco farming and curing. Smoking statistics show that 10,000 Malaysians succumb to smoking-related ailments annually, making it the top killers in the country since the 1980s. According to Global Adult Tobacco Survey based in Malaysia, 23. 1% or 4. 75 million adults currently smoke, 43. 9% (4. 64 million) being men and 1. 0% (0. 10 million) women. The study also suggested that the expenditure on manufactures cigarettes cover 3. % of the GDP in 2011, its data showing present smokers using an average of RM 178. 80 monthly on manufactured cigarettes. 4. 0 PRACTICE OF TOBACCO INDUSTRY CSR IN MALAYSIA The industry engages CSR in various methods to achieve maximum public exposure and influence. The common approach of tobacco industry CSR is corporate philanthropy in which the firms provide monetary aids in areas such as culture and arts, education, shelter, social welfare and the envi ronment. In addition, they offer support to government policies and sponsorship of events such as youth smoking prevention programs. Several firms have even established charitable foundations to fund their initiatives, such as the British American Tobacco Foundation which was set up with the aim to obtain and manage funds for education, scientific and other charitable purposes. In conjunction with National Kenaf and Tobacco Board, the foundation has rewarded over 2,000 recipients RM 1. 1 million since its initiation in 2002. Formation of alliances between tobacco firms with non-governmental organizations exist as well. Yayasan Salam Malaysia is a long-term NGO partner of Philip Morris since 2006, both supporting a variety of CSR programs concerning poverty and society’s wellbeing. Their annual partnership had revolved around building information and communication technology (ICT) centres in rural places and providing financial aids for the underprivileged. BAT is also the first local tobacco company to publish Social Reports since 2001; these reports highlighting the firms CSR activities conducted year-round, looking forward to aligning itself with other businesses that conduct CSR activities. The company had received the Malaysian Sustainability Reporting Award from the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants for BAT’s efforts in cancer research. 5. 0 CRITICISMS TOWARD TOBACCO INDUSTRY CSR The tobacco industry is one of the most criticised members of the modern business community. Several disputes have arisen worldwide declaring that tobacco industry products are lethal to their consumers, and the CSR activities will be unable to resolve the fundamental contradiction with ethical corporate citizenship. WHO defines tobacco industry tactics utilizing CSR as a tool â€Å"to promote voluntary measures as an effective way to address tobacco control and create an illusion of being a ‘changed’ company and to establish partnerships with health interests. † These charitable campaigns purposefully influence the perception among youths and adults that the tobacco industry is deceitful and guilty for advocating smoking among youths and adults. Tobacco companies’ internal documents have revealed the motives behind industry-sponsored programs, aimed to increase profits and stimulate company investments. It is alleged that by conducting CSR, tobacco firms aim to build favourable views regarding the industry and tobacco issues by demonstrating their responsibility and concern about the wellbeing of consumers and stakeholders. Another tobacco industry goal is to achieve political influence with the intention of obstruct government efforts to regulate tobacco control, as evident in Malaysia. These CSR initiatives also pose as protection against litigations or lawsuits. The sponsorship of tobacco firms in youth anti-smoking campaigns is claimed to be a scheme to access youths for market research, to normalise brands and to avert success of anti-tobacco campaigns. A report by the British Medical Association stated that tobacco industry CSR as a form of marketing for firms, and as such it should be prohibited under the terms of Article 13 of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, which calls for Parties to impose a full ban on tobacco advertising, promotion and advertising, including CSR. CSR functions in favour of the industry by creating goodwill with lawmakers and the public, crushing bad publicity for its lethal goods, and resolving conflict from tobacco control advocates. The tobacco-caused death and disease suffered by societies and families contradict the advantages of charity or sponsorship for social interests. Tobacco consumption offers zero merits to the underprivileged, and any financial aid offered by tobacco firms accountable for smoking-related ailments and financial woes of the nation fails to relieve poverty, environmental, or health problems. . 0 POLITICAL ECONOMY AND CONTROL OF TOBACCO IN MALAYSIA Advocacy for tobacco control in Malaysia had begun in the 1970s, with gradual growing initiatives to institute specific legislations to regulate tobacco manufacturing and consumption. Compliant to the FCTC, Malaysia enacts legislation compliant with the FCTC by providing extensive regulation and banning of advertising, promotion and sponsorship. Presently, Malaysia allows tobacco industry CSR, and it has been abused by the industry as a strategic tool to change its public image. Measures to undertake the Malaysian smoking epidemic is inconsistent – from one point of view, the cost of lives and health interests; while the other, the critical consequences of tobacco control on tobacco farmers and alleviating poverty. The Malaysian government is an active shareholder and advocate of tobacco. They are major partners in two of Malaysia’s largest tobacco corporations with direct financial interests in the industry. Major shareholders of BAT and JTI include statutory bodies such as the Skim Amanah Saham Bumiputera, Employees Provident Fund, and Amanah Saham Malaysia, demonstrating the Malaysian state controlled ownership of shares in the tobacco industry. A large number of Bumiputeras partake in tobacco cultivation with Bumiputera partners being of key importance in the ownership of tobacco firms. Corresponding to the government policy to promote foreign investment, BAT, Philip Morris, and R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company have set up their subsidiaries and established manufacturing facilities within the country. 7. 0 CONCLUSION In averting the overall poor public image, weak knowledge regarding individual tobacco firms, and more litigations and restraints, the tobacco industry CSR activities are meant to improve public perception of the industry. CSR activities by tobacco firms purposefully highlight their philanthropic contributions to the society and also promote youth smoking prevention programs. As long as there is absence of major restraints and public criticism, the tobacco industry will continue to operate unreservedly, utilising CSR to promote its â€Å"responsible† marketing practices and to receive favorable ratings for individual firms within the country. The tobacco industry’s public relation efforts may possibly influence Malaysian audiences to develop further resistance against the objections faced by the industry, alleviate jurors’ negative scrutiny toward the industry, and thus deteriorating public or legislative support for tobacco control policies in Malaysia. How to cite Tobacco Industry Csr Malaysia, Essay examples

The Risk Factor for Diseases Such As Hypertension and Diabetes.

Question: What Is The Risk Factor For Diseases Such As Hypertension And Diabetes? Answer: Introduction Obesity is a disease that has a direct impact on the socio-economic status of women on their reproductive year and the entire society, it is ranked top among the cause of worldwide economic burden it rivals issues such as smoking and violence. Obesity has a direct effect on the psychosocial status of the women and its effects can be manifested in form of stigmatization of the obese women in the society. Moreover, obesity has been considered as a risk factor and the same time a disease. For example, it is a risk factor for diseases such as hypertension and diabetes. At the same time, obesity as a health problem have a negative impact on the life of women in their reproductive age, and it can also greatly influence the choice of the lifestyle of a woman in her reproductive period. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to describe the effect of obesity to the life of women in their reproductive age by focusing on the effect of obesity on the womens lifestyle, womens reproductive choi ces and the financial implication on managing obesity at an individual and society level. Search strategy The process of searching for primary literature sources for references was started in two levels. First, by reviewing the journal articles study topic and the abstract leading to rejection of studies that were not original research papers, studies that addressed either obesity or women in reproductive age and not both. In the second phase, the studies were selected based on the content. An elaborate literature search strategy was established, the strategy involved obtaining many current, relevant and English-language written studies that would be further filtered using inclusion and exclusion criteria. The strategy involved searching for studies that are not more than 10 years old, the journal articles were searched in the three databases available in mylibrary. The databases that were searched included CINAHL [Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health], PubMed, Swepub, Ebscohost, Emerald, Wiley online library and the Cochrane library. The core interest was a full-text of the jou rnal articles. The research title was broken down into the main subject words, this was done to attain the most effective keywords to perform the journal search. At the same time, the reference list of most relevant journal articles was screened for potential relevant literature. The keywords were combined using the Boolean operators. For example, AND, OR and NOT were used. This process then led to one set of articles with articles that contained most relevant information. At the same time, Truncate such as * was used to truncate words and find different word endings. The key words used during the literature search included obesity, women, reproductive age, mental health, lifestyle, pregnancy, birth, and parenting. Description of the obesity Uzogara (2017) suggested that obesity can be defined as a disease that is caused by surplus deposition fat in the cells of the body referred to as adipose tissues. Fat deposition around certain body parts can immensely alter the proper body organ functions. Word Health Organization (WHO) has formulated a standard definition of obesity as having a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 30 kg/m2. The rapid change of lifestyle around the world has been affiliated to the rise of the number of reported obesity cases in the world as suggested by (Flegal et al., 2012). Obesity is a known risk factor for certain chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and hypertension. Moreover, research findings have established that there is a relationship between obesity and infertility among the women in childbearing age according to (Gormack et al., 2015). For example, in women obesity has been associated with prolonged time taken to enable conception, increased risk of miscarriage and other compli cations associated with pregnancy. The findings from a study conducted in the United States revealed that 34.6 % of the adult with age above 20 years were found to be obese with 7.2% of them evidently depressed according to (Poromaa, 2015). Whereas, He et al. (2016) concluded that there is an increased obesity cases among the women on their reproductive year in rural china, with the china as a country having 24.8% as the prevalence rate of obesity among the women on their reproductive year. The prevalence of obesity comes with a heavy financial burden on both an individual level and society. For example, the United States spends 20% of the money allocated to the health-care sector to manage and treat obesity according to (Cawley and Meyerhoefer, 2012). Obesity as an issue for women and their physical, mental, emotional and/or mental health The results from various research findings have revealed that lack of active and consistent physical activities and poor dietary practices are closely associated with poor health condition of a person as suggested by (Deliens et al., 2015; Craig et al., 2008). Therefore, individuals lifestyle choice and active participation in physical activity contribute immensely to lowering the risk of developing health problem such as obesity. It is for the reasons why intervention program focusing on the womens life at a personal level should be adopted and women in the reproductive age are encouraged to participate in such programs. Jensen et al. (2014) suggested that intervention programs that encourage women active participation in physical activity plays a key role in weight loss therapy among the women. Active participation in physical activities leads to increase in metabolic rate with higher energy expenditure with impeding in the food intake among the obese (Catenacci et al. 2007). The relationship between obesity in women and mental status is an area that have elicited a lot of research interest. Findings from different research have revealed a bidirectional association between obesity and mental health condition of the women (Tronieri et al., 2017; Ruhstaller et al., 2016; Molyneaux et al., 2014). Therefore, it is still not clear whether obesity can cause depression or if depression may cause obesity or if the two are as a result of a common cause due to either lifestyle factors or biological factors. As suggested by Assari and Caldwell (2015), there is no association between obesity and major depression disorder, however, the findings contradicts the findings of the research conducted by (National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey[NHANES], 2010), whose findings revealed that women with depression were at high risk of obesity as compared to women who were not suffering from depression. At the same time, race has also been established to be another key determinant of the risk of being obesity among the women on their reproductive age of the different race. For example, 45% of the non-Hispanic white women with depression were found to be likely of developing obesity compared to 32% non-Hispanic white women without depression were found to be obese according to (NHANES, 2010), whereas among the non-Hispanic black and Mexican American the study results revealed no such association between depression and occurrence of incidence of obesity among the women on their reproductive age of the two mentioned races. The results from another study conducted by (Assari and Lankarani, 2015), on the association between obesity and intention to lose weight women in their reproductive age were found to be stronger as compared to men of the same age bracket. Therefore, the findings should encourage the development of intervention programs that are based on the gender and race from a policy perspective. Effect of obesity on the womans lifestyle/lifestyle choices Loos et al. (2008) concluded that lifestyle choices of women have direct association with population characteristics including mortality, women fertility and prevalence of the health problem as obesity. For example, results of the research have revealed than bad lifestyle choices such as excessive alcohol have a negative influence on the active participation in physical activities and poor dietary practices leading to lifestyle diseases such as obesity among the women (Kantartzis et al., 2011). The effect of lifestyle choice and behavior change as an intervention measure of obesity can be felt at individual, community, and population level. The interventions focusing on the lifestyle choices of an individual woman is based on individuals health condition and the physical environment as suggested by (Evans et al., 2016). For example, government policies have been used to use effectively to influence womens lifestyle and behavior patterns. This is typical in situations where government levies high exercise duty tax on processed food items which contain added sugars, alcohol products, and cigarettes. For instance, in the UK 20% tax have been put on beverages with processed sugar used as sweetener leading to the reduction in the prevalence of obesity cases by about 1.3% according to (Briggs et al., 2013). The results from study conducted in the United States also supports the use of government policies to influence the lifestyle choices of its citizen in the USA it has been established that for every 1% increase in the price of the high energy calorie food products such as sweetened sugar drink there is reduction in energy intake by 0.02% as suggested by (Briggs et al., 2013). At an individual level, the lifestyle choices involve change of key determinants of behavior found in an individual the same can be said when a group based interventions are carried out such interventions target lifestyle. Normanetal et al. (2008) concluded that among the women on their reproductive period, obesity and poor lifestyle choices such high consumption of alcohol and caffeine increases the risk of infertility, a prolonged time taken to conceive, increased chances of miscarriage and other pregnancy complications. According to (Gormacket al., 2015), women with fertility problem need specific intervention program that focuses on the education on suitable lifestyle choices leading to improved conception and foetal health. However, the results from other studies have failed to establish an association between lifestyle choices and the success of fertility treatment for women suffering from infertility according to (Rooney and Domar, 2014). Therefore, there is an urgent need for more studies to be conducted to provide evidence-based information to the women on their reproductive year on how to make good lifestyle choices aimed at improving the health problems such as obesity and improved fertility . For example, a study conducted by (Gormacket al., 2015), the results revealed that women who made the right lifestyle choice and stopped or reduced alcohol consumption recorded twice the odd of becoming pregnant as compared to women of the same age who maintained their drinking habit during the fertility treatment. The intervention programs targeting lifestyle behavioral changes during pregnancy have been found to be of great benefit by reducing in the BMI, hence reduced chances of obesity whose causative agent is pregnancy. However, such lifestyle interventions have little impact if they are only implemented during the period of the pregnancy (A?c? and Rathfisch, 2016). For the women on their reproductive year, the intervention programs developed targets lifestyle changes involving good dietary practice and active participation in physical activities leading to reduced cases of obesity as the desired outcome. At an individual level, the behavior change involves a change of key determinants of behavior found in an individual the same can be said when group based interventions are carried out such interventions target lifestyle. Individual intervention for example weight loss programs formulated targeting the entire women population on their reproductive year university can have a direct effect on the population contrary to just an individual student. Effect of obesity on the womans reproductive choices, including effects on fertility, pregnancy, birth and parenting There is evidence that linking obesity to the women reproduction, several studies have associated obesity to sub-fertility, and findings from the research have established 6-9% of women in their reproductive age suffers from ovulatory infertility among them half are obese (Poromaa, 2015). Therefore the practice of bariatric surgery among the women in the childbearing age has increased (Edison et al., 2016). According to (Normanetal et al. (2008), the occurrence of obesity the women on their reproductive year increases the risk of low fertility rates, a prolonged time is taken to conceive, increased chances of miscarriage, and other pregnancy complications. Obesity has been associated with stigma among the pregnant women (Moussa et al., 2016; Arden et al., 2014). For example, a study conducted by (Dinsdale et al., 2016) it was noted that women who were study participants desired their individual knowledge and behavior to be accepted and shunned being classified as obese, the word obes e was has been seen as offensive due to the negative references generally allied to obesity. The same discomfort of using term obesity has been experienced by midwives due to expectation raised during the routine practice without relevant support besides different opinions have been expressed that raising the topic of obesity with the women during pregnancy may further worsen the situation by isolating more obese women from the midwifery services (Molyneaux et at., 2014). According to (Edison et al., 2016; Gormacket al., 2015;), women with fertility problem need specific intervention program that focuses on the education on suitable lifestyle choices with a view of improved health status such as reduced chances of being obese and improved foetal health (Nyman et al., 2010) . However, the results from other studies have failed to establish an association between lifestyle choices and the success of fertility treatment for women suffering from infertility according to (Rooney and Domar, 2014). Therefore, there is an urgent need for more studies to be conducted to provide evidence based information to the women on their reproductive year on how to make good lifestyle choices aimed at improving the health problems such as obesity and improved fertility. For example, a study conducted by (Gormacket al., 2015), the results revealed that women who made the right lifestyle choice and stopped or reduced alcohol consumption which is considered as risk factors t o obesity, they recorded twice the odd of becoming pregnant as compared to women of the same age who maintained their drinking habit during the fertility treatment. As suggested by Mutsaerts et al. (2016) reduction in weight loss increases conception rate and improved perinatal outcome among the women in their reproductive year. The financial implications for the woman and her family and, where applicable, the financial burden on society Obesity has been linked to a reduction in longevity and poor quality of life, the research has shown that the epidemic of obesity impacts negatively on the economies of both middle to low income countries across the world. For example, It is estimated that in the financial year 2006-07 it cost the UK government 5.8 billion to treat and manage diseases that are related to poor diet and lifestyle, to be precise the cost of treating and managing obesity cost 5.1 billion according to (Scarborough et al., 2011). The burden caused by obesity has been attributed increased prevalence of non-communicable diseases such as coronary heart disease and diabetes. Women in their reproductive year experience the financial burden through the cost incurred during hospital admission and laboratory tests (Briggs et al., 2013; Scarborough et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2011). The society at large also experiences the indirect financial burden due to the prevalence of obesity among the women in their reproductive period due to increased mortality, early retirement, pension due to disability and reduced productivity in the workplace. Studies have shown that financial cost incurred due to lost productivity is higher than estimated medical cost According to (Wang et al., 2011). Conclusion It is very clear from the literature review that obesity has a direct effect on the socio-economic, mental status, and lifestyle choices among the women on their reproductive age. The evidence as discussed has shown that poor lifestyle choices made by women such as sedentary life, increased consumption of alcohol, poor dietary practices negatively impacts the women fertility and reproduction life. At the same time, obesity is a source of a greater financial burden on the individuals and their family. 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