Analysis Of Capital Asset Pricing Model Scenarios Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 890 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Diversification refers to the strategies of reducing economic risk by investing in assets whose performance is not affected by the same economic variables. A group of assets forms a portfolio. A company can have two types of economic risks; financial risks and total operating risks. Financial risk results from use of debt capital in the companys structure and it is usually measured using the gearing ratio. Gearing ratio is found by dividing total debt capital with equity and then multiplying the quotient with a hundred percent. The higher the gearing ratio the higher the risk The total operating risk is the fluctuation of the companys expected earnings of portfolio due to the nature of the industry in which the company operates. Total risk is a combination of systematic and unsystematic risk. Systematic risk is the variation in return of securities due to factors which systematically affect all firms adversely such as war, recession and high interest rate. Syst ematic risks are therefore not diversifiable and the concept of diversification cannot apply to them. Based on this argument then, it is correct to say that a large fire that relentlessly affects three major U.S. cites is a systematic risk and systematic risks are not diversifiable. Unsystematic risk is the variation in return of a company or a security due to factors unique or specific to a particular company or portfolio. These are the factors such as legal suits, winning or losing in a major contract, successful or unsuccessful marketing strategy. Since these events are random, they can be eliminated by diversification where bad events in one firm will be offset by a good event in the other. A significant anticipated increase in oil prices and a major legal suit against a public company are unsystematic risks which can be eliminated by portfolio diversification. Factors affecting the efficiency of a portfolio include the number of securities forming the portfolio and the na ture of relationship between return of security forming the portfolio. Research has shown that between twenty and twenty five well selected securities will form an efficient portfolio. The nature of relationship between return of security forming the portfolio can either be positive or negative. Security returns are assumed to have a negative relationship if a given economic factor affects their performance in the opposite direction. Therefore for risk diversification negative relationship is recommended. Capital asset pricing model Given that the return of asset i is 10%, the risk free rate is 3% and the Beta (b) for Asset I is 1.5 the expected rate of return of the market portfolio is given by: Expected return of market portfolio will be abbreviated as E_Rm Beta for asset I will be abbreviated as B_i Risk free rate will be abbreviated as R_f Market return for asset I will be abbreviated as R_i E_Rm = R_f + B_i (R_i- R_f ) E_Rm = 3% + 1.5 (10% 3%) = 13.5 If the expected rate of return on asset j is 14%, the Beta of the asset is 1.5 and the expected return on the market portfolio is 12% then by rearranging the CAPM we can find the risk free rate. 12% = R_f + 1.5 (14% -? R?_f ) 21%-12%=1.5 R_f- ? R?_f 0.5 ? R?_f = 9 ? R?_f = 18% The Beta of an entire market portfolio is usually equal to one therefore the Beta of a portfolio containing half of the stocks in the entire market is zero point five (0.5) Message of CAPM to corporate and investors CAPM allows the analyst to split the total risk of security into portions namely diversifiable and non diversifiable risk. It provides a framework for measuring systematic risk of an individual security and relating it to the systematic risk of a well diversified portfolio. CAPM states that the risk that remains after diversification can be measured by the degree to which the given stock tends to move up and down in the market (the sensitivity of the returns to changes in mark et portfolio). Systematic risk can be measured by Beta factor. To investors and corporate CAPM allows them to identify extent of diversifiable risk in their portfolio and contrasts this risk to an ideal portfolio. CAPM also allows investors and corporate apply the security market line (SML). The tradeoff between market risk and return in a well diversified portfolio is represented by the security market line. This is important for corporate as they strive to achieve optimal market portfolio in order to achieve the best return and attract investors. SML is similar to capital market line (CML) except in the following ways; CML deals with total risk as measured by standard deviation while SML deals with systematic risk as measured by beta factor. The CML deals with efficient portfolios while the SML deals with individual security. Since investors deal with individual securities they can apply SML. Corporations can use CML since they are interested in total risk. The main message of CAPM is therefore; a market portfolio is representative of all the securities in the market, a security with a Beta factor equal to one means all securities in the market are represented in the in the portfolio, a security with a Beta factor more than one is said to be more sensitive and less than one is sad to be less sensitive. The risk free rate is represented by the treasury bills and government bonds rate of return. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Analysis Of Capital Asset Pricing Model Scenarios Finance Essay" essay for you Create order

Albert The Absurd Camus Essay - 1071 Words

Albert The Absurd Camus â€Å"Albert Camus is one of the most likeable and approachable of the mid-twentieth-century French authors† (Brosman 10).This is quite a compliment for Camus, but most would agree. In France, Albert is known for his many books, two which have made the French best-sellers list. His works are often read and studied in French secondary-school class rooms, introducing a countless number of students to his pieces each year. Camus also holds the high honor of receiving the Nobel Prize for literature in 1957 (Boak 346). His wide popularity has made his name known in North America as well. Just what is Albert Camus so popular for one might ask? The answer would be his approach to his work— the underlying beliefs of†¦show more content†¦Catherine was already illiterate and deaf when married to Lucien, but after hearing the news of her late husband became even more withdrawn from the world. She took her two sons to live in poverty with her mother and brother in the Belc ourt, a division of Algiers (â€Å"Wikipedia† 1; Cruickshank 1). Albert loved his mother very much, yet did not feel his love reciprocated. The early years for Camus were lonely with the absence of his father and difficulty to communicate with his mother. As Albert grew older, he attended lycà ©e (term for secondary schooling in France) and the University of Algiers. At the university, he found a love for the sport of soccer. Unfortunately, his time as the team’s goalie was forced to end when in 1930 he fell ill to tuberculosis, a battle he would continually have to fight in his life (MacDonald 145). With this news, Camus turned to his studies, developing his literary career. Camus was particularly inspired by one of his university teachers, Jean Grenier. Jean was an advisor to Albert in his interest of literary and philosophical ideas (Cruickshank 1). Camus considered following his teacher’s footsteps and becoming a teacher; however, this career faltered with another episode of tuberculosis, causing him to not qualify for the position. He now turned his attention to a literary career. Camus had many jobs as a writer. He worked for a political newspaper, where he could defend his homeland Algeria, to which he had a strongShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Absurd By Albert Camus1649 Words   |  7 Pagesis what French philosopher, Albert Camus, considered â€Å"Absurd.† Any hopeful searching for concrete meanings is met with the discouraging and disheartening realization that there are no true meanings. For many of us, the idea of the world being made with no fated purpose or that any individual effort made toward changing the world will be met by a forgetful and meaningless universe that will continue to be indifferent toward our existence is a despairing notion. Camus believed The Myth of SisyphusRead MoreExistentialism And The Absurd By Albert Camus1186 Words   |  5 Pageswork. In his various books, short stories, and plays, the French-Algerian writer Albert Camus relates to his philosophical beliefs: specifically existentialism and the absurd, as well as his connecting idea of rebellion. Camus’ most prominent works – such as the novels The Plague, The Stranger, The Rebel, and others – reflect these beliefs and ideas he held. Though he was and continues to be considered as one, Camus made a point of rejecting the label of an existentialist. Existentialism is essentiallyRead MoreThe Absurd Man By Albert Camus1275 Words   |  6 Pagessolely contain themselves among the absurd walls desperately applying any type of meaning to their life. Partaking in these naive decisions ultimately implies that this person will never truly live and will ignore carpe diem despite realizing that every life eventually ends. Defying the philosophy of the absurd inevitably creates the absurd man. In the three works that will be discussed, by Albert camus tend to deal with the philosophy of the absurd and how the absurd man abides to this philosophy. ThroughRead MoreEssay on The Absurd in Albert Camus’ The Stranger1036 Words   |  5 PagesEmpathy makes us human yet not all humans are emphatic, In Albert Camus’ The Stranger a suspiciously apathetic man named Meursault comes to light as a criminal. However Meursa ult perpetrated a crime of passion, is that not absurd for a negligent man? In a simple view of Meursault life and philosophies the remission of human feelings is evident, and slightly frightening. In the stranger most of the events in the main characters life require an emotional effect, the death of his mother, the engagementRead MoreAbsurd Actions of Meursault in The Stranger by Albert Camus538 Words   |  2 PagesIn â€Å"The Stranger† by Camus, Meursault’s actions throughout the story can be summed up in one word, absurd. From the start of the story Meursault showed no regard to human life. Life to him was meaningless. His action toward his mother’s death was the 1st encounter into how emotionless, cold, untouched unmoved Meursault was. Although he attended her funeral he was only there in the physical. Natures’ element and the environment around him was more of concern to him than the death of his motherRead MoreAn Absurd Situation in an African Town of Oran in Albert Camus Novel, The Plague1143 Words   |  5 Pagesthey can focus on solving the problem. The absurd situation in the small, African town of Oran is an unstoppable plague that strikes the town causing many to die at the hand of nature’s most merciless creation. Albert Camus, in his novel The Plague, demonstrates that life is absurd and meaningless through the random deaths of the towns people and the seemingly unstoppable plague. Doctor Bernard Rieux, in Camus’ novel realizes that the situation is absurd, b ut he continues to do what needs to be doneRead MoreAlbert Camus and Bohemian Rhapsody Comparison1695 Words   |  7 Pagesthe writings of â€Å"Queen† and Albert Camus Albert Camus was one of the most renowned authors during the early twentieth century. With writings such as The Stranger, and The Plague, Camus has struck the world of literature with amazing works that are analyzed to a great extent. This amazing success was not just handed to Camus on a silver platter however; Albert endured many hard times and was often encumbered with great illness in his short life. These hardships that Camus had to face, emphasized inRead More Albert Camus The Myth of Sisyphus Essays814 Words   |  4 PagesAlbert Camus The Myth of Sisyphus Albert Camus essay, The Myth Of Sisyphus is an insightful analysis of the classic work, The Myth Of Sisyphus. In some regards Camus view of Sisyphus can seem quite accurate and in tune with the original text, but based on Camus interpretation of the justness of Sisyphus punishment, it is clear that the writer has some different ideas as well. Camus concludes that this punishment does not have the effect the Gods had intended, and ultimately theRead MoreThe Outsider1524 Words   |  7 Pages14 to 15 from The Outsider by Albert Camus Word Count: 1,378 I have decided to focus on an extract from chapter 1 of Albert Camus’ The Outsider as I feel this extract is highly significant as it serves as a device of exposition to develop Meursault’s, continuously judged, character and provides foregrounding for the rest of the novel. The prose style throughout this extract allows Camus to convey his philosophy of the absurd and portray Meursault as a socialRead MoreThe Absurd Man Is A Man Like Yours Truly1500 Words   |  6 Pagesreflects back to me with life but it also reflects back to Camus’ philosophy – the absurd. In one’s own view, the absurd man is a man like yours truly. Life is absurd: the knowledge that death is inevitable makes life meaningless. Absurdism is a philosophy stating that the efforts of humanity to find meaning in the universe will ultimately fail because no such meaning exists (at least in relation to humanity). As Camus says in â€Å"An Absurd Reasoning† from his essay collec tion The Myth Of Sisyphus:

Tobacco Industry Csr Malaysia Free Essays

1. 0 INTRODUCTION Major tobacco firms in Malaysia have begun investing aggressively Corporate Social Responsibility activities to build a positive public image and brand activities via large contributions into social programs nationwide, and to be recognised as contributors to the greater common good. Although CSR is considered as a corporate entity along standards of business ethics, tobacco industry philanthropic activities encounter much criticism and threat of a comprehensive ban on CSR atop present legislations for Tobacco Advertising, Promotion Sponsorship worldwide. We will write a custom essay sample on Tobacco Industry Csr Malaysia or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many concerns have been raised over the practice; alleging that the motives behind tobacco industry CSR are to manipulate public perception of responsible marketing practices and gain favourable position for the individual firms in Malaysia. 2. 0 CSR AND ITS STRATEGIC ADVANTAGES Holme and Watts define CSR as an ongoing pledge by corporations to conduct themselves in an ethical manner and contribute to economic growth while developing the quality of workforce livelihood and their families, and the overall local community and societies. CSR programs were developed to answer public urges for corporations to advocate ethical, environmental, health and labour regulations. The Sustainability Entrepreneurship Model by Young and Tilley, as shown in Appendix I, comprises of six decisive factors: eco-efficiency, socio-efficiency, eco-effectiveness, socio-effectiveness and sufficiency and ecological equity; for corporate sustainability which adds to the business’s social responsibilities and enhances its effectiveness, bringing higher cost savings and better profit margins. 8% of consumers said they were more likely to purchase from companies that engages in initiatives to develop society. 3. 0 TOBACCO INDUSTRY AND TOBACCO USE IN MALAYSIA Malaysia is a major cigarette-manufacturing showpiece for tobacco transnational corporations operating in the South East Asian region. Among 92 sectors, the tobacco industry ranks 5th with an economic output totaling to RM11. 7 billion or 3% of Malaysia’s GDP. The tobacco indu stry in Malaysia comprises of large corporations such as British American Tobacco, market share 68%; Japan Tobacco Inc. 17. 7%; and Philip Morris International, 15. 3%. The industry considers itself a vital contributor in developing Malaysia’s socio-economic condition of the rural population. Tobacco is Malaysia’s most largely cultivated non-food crop, with 12,148 hectares and 1,200 hectares of land solely for tobacco cultivation in Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia respectively. The industry’s activities range from tobacco leaf cultivation and curing, tobacco production to marketing and distribution. Records show that more than 190,000 people are employed in the industry, and 120,000 people involved in tobacco farming and curing. Smoking statistics show that 10,000 Malaysians succumb to smoking-related ailments annually, making it the top killers in the country since the 1980s. According to Global Adult Tobacco Survey based in Malaysia, 23. 1% or 4. 75 million adults currently smoke, 43. 9% (4. 64 million) being men and 1. 0% (0. 10 million) women. The study also suggested that the expenditure on manufactures cigarettes cover 3. % of the GDP in 2011, its data showing present smokers using an average of RM 178. 80 monthly on manufactured cigarettes. 4. 0 PRACTICE OF TOBACCO INDUSTRY CSR IN MALAYSIA The industry engages CSR in various methods to achieve maximum public exposure and influence. The common approach of tobacco industry CSR is corporate philanthropy in which the firms provide monetary aids in areas such as culture and arts, education, shelter, social welfare and the envi ronment. In addition, they offer support to government policies and sponsorship of events such as youth smoking prevention programs. Several firms have even established charitable foundations to fund their initiatives, such as the British American Tobacco Foundation which was set up with the aim to obtain and manage funds for education, scientific and other charitable purposes. In conjunction with National Kenaf and Tobacco Board, the foundation has rewarded over 2,000 recipients RM 1. 1 million since its initiation in 2002. Formation of alliances between tobacco firms with non-governmental organizations exist as well. Yayasan Salam Malaysia is a long-term NGO partner of Philip Morris since 2006, both supporting a variety of CSR programs concerning poverty and society’s wellbeing. Their annual partnership had revolved around building information and communication technology (ICT) centres in rural places and providing financial aids for the underprivileged. BAT is also the first local tobacco company to publish Social Reports since 2001; these reports highlighting the firms CSR activities conducted year-round, looking forward to aligning itself with other businesses that conduct CSR activities. The company had received the Malaysian Sustainability Reporting Award from the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants for BAT’s efforts in cancer research. 5. 0 CRITICISMS TOWARD TOBACCO INDUSTRY CSR The tobacco industry is one of the most criticised members of the modern business community. Several disputes have arisen worldwide declaring that tobacco industry products are lethal to their consumers, and the CSR activities will be unable to resolve the fundamental contradiction with ethical corporate citizenship. WHO defines tobacco industry tactics utilizing CSR as a tool â€Å"to promote voluntary measures as an effective way to address tobacco control and create an illusion of being a ‘changed’ company and to establish partnerships with health interests. † These charitable campaigns purposefully influence the perception among youths and adults that the tobacco industry is deceitful and guilty for advocating smoking among youths and adults. Tobacco companies’ internal documents have revealed the motives behind industry-sponsored programs, aimed to increase profits and stimulate company investments. It is alleged that by conducting CSR, tobacco firms aim to build favourable views regarding the industry and tobacco issues by demonstrating their responsibility and concern about the wellbeing of consumers and stakeholders. Another tobacco industry goal is to achieve political influence with the intention of obstruct government efforts to regulate tobacco control, as evident in Malaysia. These CSR initiatives also pose as protection against litigations or lawsuits. The sponsorship of tobacco firms in youth anti-smoking campaigns is claimed to be a scheme to access youths for market research, to normalise brands and to avert success of anti-tobacco campaigns. A report by the British Medical Association stated that tobacco industry CSR as a form of marketing for firms, and as such it should be prohibited under the terms of Article 13 of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, which calls for Parties to impose a full ban on tobacco advertising, promotion and advertising, including CSR. CSR functions in favour of the industry by creating goodwill with lawmakers and the public, crushing bad publicity for its lethal goods, and resolving conflict from tobacco control advocates. The tobacco-caused death and disease suffered by societies and families contradict the advantages of charity or sponsorship for social interests. Tobacco consumption offers zero merits to the underprivileged, and any financial aid offered by tobacco firms accountable for smoking-related ailments and financial woes of the nation fails to relieve poverty, environmental, or health problems. . 0 POLITICAL ECONOMY AND CONTROL OF TOBACCO IN MALAYSIA Advocacy for tobacco control in Malaysia had begun in the 1970s, with gradual growing initiatives to institute specific legislations to regulate tobacco manufacturing and consumption. Compliant to the FCTC, Malaysia enacts legislation compliant with the FCTC by providing extensive regulation and banning of advertising, promotion and sponsorship. Presently, Malaysia allows tobacco industry CSR, and it has been abused by the industry as a strategic tool to change its public image. Measures to undertake the Malaysian smoking epidemic is inconsistent – from one point of view, the cost of lives and health interests; while the other, the critical consequences of tobacco control on tobacco farmers and alleviating poverty. The Malaysian government is an active shareholder and advocate of tobacco. They are major partners in two of Malaysia’s largest tobacco corporations with direct financial interests in the industry. Major shareholders of BAT and JTI include statutory bodies such as the Skim Amanah Saham Bumiputera, Employees Provident Fund, and Amanah Saham Malaysia, demonstrating the Malaysian state controlled ownership of shares in the tobacco industry. A large number of Bumiputeras partake in tobacco cultivation with Bumiputera partners being of key importance in the ownership of tobacco firms. Corresponding to the government policy to promote foreign investment, BAT, Philip Morris, and R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company have set up their subsidiaries and established manufacturing facilities within the country. 7. 0 CONCLUSION In averting the overall poor public image, weak knowledge regarding individual tobacco firms, and more litigations and restraints, the tobacco industry CSR activities are meant to improve public perception of the industry. CSR activities by tobacco firms purposefully highlight their philanthropic contributions to the society and also promote youth smoking prevention programs. As long as there is absence of major restraints and public criticism, the tobacco industry will continue to operate unreservedly, utilising CSR to promote its â€Å"responsible† marketing practices and to receive favorable ratings for individual firms within the country. The tobacco industry’s public relation efforts may possibly influence Malaysian audiences to develop further resistance against the objections faced by the industry, alleviate jurors’ negative scrutiny toward the industry, and thus deteriorating public or legislative support for tobacco control policies in Malaysia. How to cite Tobacco Industry Csr Malaysia, Essay examples

The Risk Factor for Diseases Such As Hypertension and Diabetes.

Question: What Is The Risk Factor For Diseases Such As Hypertension And Diabetes? Answer: Introduction Obesity is a disease that has a direct impact on the socio-economic status of women on their reproductive year and the entire society, it is ranked top among the cause of worldwide economic burden it rivals issues such as smoking and violence. Obesity has a direct effect on the psychosocial status of the women and its effects can be manifested in form of stigmatization of the obese women in the society. Moreover, obesity has been considered as a risk factor and the same time a disease. For example, it is a risk factor for diseases such as hypertension and diabetes. At the same time, obesity as a health problem have a negative impact on the life of women in their reproductive age, and it can also greatly influence the choice of the lifestyle of a woman in her reproductive period. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to describe the effect of obesity to the life of women in their reproductive age by focusing on the effect of obesity on the womens lifestyle, womens reproductive choi ces and the financial implication on managing obesity at an individual and society level. Search strategy The process of searching for primary literature sources for references was started in two levels. First, by reviewing the journal articles study topic and the abstract leading to rejection of studies that were not original research papers, studies that addressed either obesity or women in reproductive age and not both. In the second phase, the studies were selected based on the content. An elaborate literature search strategy was established, the strategy involved obtaining many current, relevant and English-language written studies that would be further filtered using inclusion and exclusion criteria. The strategy involved searching for studies that are not more than 10 years old, the journal articles were searched in the three databases available in mylibrary. The databases that were searched included CINAHL [Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health], PubMed, Swepub, Ebscohost, Emerald, Wiley online library and the Cochrane library. The core interest was a full-text of the jou rnal articles. The research title was broken down into the main subject words, this was done to attain the most effective keywords to perform the journal search. At the same time, the reference list of most relevant journal articles was screened for potential relevant literature. The keywords were combined using the Boolean operators. For example, AND, OR and NOT were used. This process then led to one set of articles with articles that contained most relevant information. At the same time, Truncate such as * was used to truncate words and find different word endings. The key words used during the literature search included obesity, women, reproductive age, mental health, lifestyle, pregnancy, birth, and parenting. Description of the obesity Uzogara (2017) suggested that obesity can be defined as a disease that is caused by surplus deposition fat in the cells of the body referred to as adipose tissues. Fat deposition around certain body parts can immensely alter the proper body organ functions. Word Health Organization (WHO) has formulated a standard definition of obesity as having a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 30 kg/m2. The rapid change of lifestyle around the world has been affiliated to the rise of the number of reported obesity cases in the world as suggested by (Flegal et al., 2012). Obesity is a known risk factor for certain chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and hypertension. Moreover, research findings have established that there is a relationship between obesity and infertility among the women in childbearing age according to (Gormack et al., 2015). For example, in women obesity has been associated with prolonged time taken to enable conception, increased risk of miscarriage and other compli cations associated with pregnancy. The findings from a study conducted in the United States revealed that 34.6 % of the adult with age above 20 years were found to be obese with 7.2% of them evidently depressed according to (Poromaa, 2015). Whereas, He et al. (2016) concluded that there is an increased obesity cases among the women on their reproductive year in rural china, with the china as a country having 24.8% as the prevalence rate of obesity among the women on their reproductive year. The prevalence of obesity comes with a heavy financial burden on both an individual level and society. For example, the United States spends 20% of the money allocated to the health-care sector to manage and treat obesity according to (Cawley and Meyerhoefer, 2012). Obesity as an issue for women and their physical, mental, emotional and/or mental health The results from various research findings have revealed that lack of active and consistent physical activities and poor dietary practices are closely associated with poor health condition of a person as suggested by (Deliens et al., 2015; Craig et al., 2008). Therefore, individuals lifestyle choice and active participation in physical activity contribute immensely to lowering the risk of developing health problem such as obesity. It is for the reasons why intervention program focusing on the womens life at a personal level should be adopted and women in the reproductive age are encouraged to participate in such programs. Jensen et al. (2014) suggested that intervention programs that encourage women active participation in physical activity plays a key role in weight loss therapy among the women. Active participation in physical activities leads to increase in metabolic rate with higher energy expenditure with impeding in the food intake among the obese (Catenacci et al. 2007). The relationship between obesity in women and mental status is an area that have elicited a lot of research interest. Findings from different research have revealed a bidirectional association between obesity and mental health condition of the women (Tronieri et al., 2017; Ruhstaller et al., 2016; Molyneaux et al., 2014). Therefore, it is still not clear whether obesity can cause depression or if depression may cause obesity or if the two are as a result of a common cause due to either lifestyle factors or biological factors. As suggested by Assari and Caldwell (2015), there is no association between obesity and major depression disorder, however, the findings contradicts the findings of the research conducted by (National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey[NHANES], 2010), whose findings revealed that women with depression were at high risk of obesity as compared to women who were not suffering from depression. At the same time, race has also been established to be another key determinant of the risk of being obesity among the women on their reproductive age of the different race. For example, 45% of the non-Hispanic white women with depression were found to be likely of developing obesity compared to 32% non-Hispanic white women without depression were found to be obese according to (NHANES, 2010), whereas among the non-Hispanic black and Mexican American the study results revealed no such association between depression and occurrence of incidence of obesity among the women on their reproductive age of the two mentioned races. The results from another study conducted by (Assari and Lankarani, 2015), on the association between obesity and intention to lose weight women in their reproductive age were found to be stronger as compared to men of the same age bracket. Therefore, the findings should encourage the development of intervention programs that are based on the gender and race from a policy perspective. Effect of obesity on the womans lifestyle/lifestyle choices Loos et al. (2008) concluded that lifestyle choices of women have direct association with population characteristics including mortality, women fertility and prevalence of the health problem as obesity. For example, results of the research have revealed than bad lifestyle choices such as excessive alcohol have a negative influence on the active participation in physical activities and poor dietary practices leading to lifestyle diseases such as obesity among the women (Kantartzis et al., 2011). The effect of lifestyle choice and behavior change as an intervention measure of obesity can be felt at individual, community, and population level. The interventions focusing on the lifestyle choices of an individual woman is based on individuals health condition and the physical environment as suggested by (Evans et al., 2016). For example, government policies have been used to use effectively to influence womens lifestyle and behavior patterns. This is typical in situations where government levies high exercise duty tax on processed food items which contain added sugars, alcohol products, and cigarettes. For instance, in the UK 20% tax have been put on beverages with processed sugar used as sweetener leading to the reduction in the prevalence of obesity cases by about 1.3% according to (Briggs et al., 2013). The results from study conducted in the United States also supports the use of government policies to influence the lifestyle choices of its citizen in the USA it has been established that for every 1% increase in the price of the high energy calorie food products such as sweetened sugar drink there is reduction in energy intake by 0.02% as suggested by (Briggs et al., 2013). At an individual level, the lifestyle choices involve change of key determinants of behavior found in an individual the same can be said when a group based interventions are carried out such interventions target lifestyle. Normanetal et al. (2008) concluded that among the women on their reproductive period, obesity and poor lifestyle choices such high consumption of alcohol and caffeine increases the risk of infertility, a prolonged time taken to conceive, increased chances of miscarriage and other pregnancy complications. According to (Gormacket al., 2015), women with fertility problem need specific intervention program that focuses on the education on suitable lifestyle choices leading to improved conception and foetal health. However, the results from other studies have failed to establish an association between lifestyle choices and the success of fertility treatment for women suffering from infertility according to (Rooney and Domar, 2014). Therefore, there is an urgent need for more studies to be conducted to provide evidence-based information to the women on their reproductive year on how to make good lifestyle choices aimed at improving the health problems such as obesity and improved fertility . For example, a study conducted by (Gormacket al., 2015), the results revealed that women who made the right lifestyle choice and stopped or reduced alcohol consumption recorded twice the odd of becoming pregnant as compared to women of the same age who maintained their drinking habit during the fertility treatment. The intervention programs targeting lifestyle behavioral changes during pregnancy have been found to be of great benefit by reducing in the BMI, hence reduced chances of obesity whose causative agent is pregnancy. However, such lifestyle interventions have little impact if they are only implemented during the period of the pregnancy (A?c? and Rathfisch, 2016). For the women on their reproductive year, the intervention programs developed targets lifestyle changes involving good dietary practice and active participation in physical activities leading to reduced cases of obesity as the desired outcome. At an individual level, the behavior change involves a change of key determinants of behavior found in an individual the same can be said when group based interventions are carried out such interventions target lifestyle. Individual intervention for example weight loss programs formulated targeting the entire women population on their reproductive year university can have a direct effect on the population contrary to just an individual student. Effect of obesity on the womans reproductive choices, including effects on fertility, pregnancy, birth and parenting There is evidence that linking obesity to the women reproduction, several studies have associated obesity to sub-fertility, and findings from the research have established 6-9% of women in their reproductive age suffers from ovulatory infertility among them half are obese (Poromaa, 2015). Therefore the practice of bariatric surgery among the women in the childbearing age has increased (Edison et al., 2016). According to (Normanetal et al. (2008), the occurrence of obesity the women on their reproductive year increases the risk of low fertility rates, a prolonged time is taken to conceive, increased chances of miscarriage, and other pregnancy complications. Obesity has been associated with stigma among the pregnant women (Moussa et al., 2016; Arden et al., 2014). For example, a study conducted by (Dinsdale et al., 2016) it was noted that women who were study participants desired their individual knowledge and behavior to be accepted and shunned being classified as obese, the word obes e was has been seen as offensive due to the negative references generally allied to obesity. The same discomfort of using term obesity has been experienced by midwives due to expectation raised during the routine practice without relevant support besides different opinions have been expressed that raising the topic of obesity with the women during pregnancy may further worsen the situation by isolating more obese women from the midwifery services (Molyneaux et at., 2014). According to (Edison et al., 2016; Gormacket al., 2015;), women with fertility problem need specific intervention program that focuses on the education on suitable lifestyle choices with a view of improved health status such as reduced chances of being obese and improved foetal health (Nyman et al., 2010) . However, the results from other studies have failed to establish an association between lifestyle choices and the success of fertility treatment for women suffering from infertility according to (Rooney and Domar, 2014). Therefore, there is an urgent need for more studies to be conducted to provide evidence based information to the women on their reproductive year on how to make good lifestyle choices aimed at improving the health problems such as obesity and improved fertility. For example, a study conducted by (Gormacket al., 2015), the results revealed that women who made the right lifestyle choice and stopped or reduced alcohol consumption which is considered as risk factors t o obesity, they recorded twice the odd of becoming pregnant as compared to women of the same age who maintained their drinking habit during the fertility treatment. As suggested by Mutsaerts et al. (2016) reduction in weight loss increases conception rate and improved perinatal outcome among the women in their reproductive year. The financial implications for the woman and her family and, where applicable, the financial burden on society Obesity has been linked to a reduction in longevity and poor quality of life, the research has shown that the epidemic of obesity impacts negatively on the economies of both middle to low income countries across the world. For example, It is estimated that in the financial year 2006-07 it cost the UK government 5.8 billion to treat and manage diseases that are related to poor diet and lifestyle, to be precise the cost of treating and managing obesity cost 5.1 billion according to (Scarborough et al., 2011). The burden caused by obesity has been attributed increased prevalence of non-communicable diseases such as coronary heart disease and diabetes. Women in their reproductive year experience the financial burden through the cost incurred during hospital admission and laboratory tests (Briggs et al., 2013; Scarborough et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2011). The society at large also experiences the indirect financial burden due to the prevalence of obesity among the women in their reproductive period due to increased mortality, early retirement, pension due to disability and reduced productivity in the workplace. Studies have shown that financial cost incurred due to lost productivity is higher than estimated medical cost According to (Wang et al., 2011). Conclusion It is very clear from the literature review that obesity has a direct effect on the socio-economic, mental status, and lifestyle choices among the women on their reproductive age. The evidence as discussed has shown that poor lifestyle choices made by women such as sedentary life, increased consumption of alcohol, poor dietary practices negatively impacts the women fertility and reproduction life. At the same time, obesity is a source of a greater financial burden on the individuals and their family. In conclusion, the medical professions should develop and promote health interventions programs that are targeting the women on childbearing age with a view of reducing the prevalence of obesity as a health issue among them leading to improved quality of life. Reference Arden, M. A., Duxbury, A. M., Soltani, H. (2014). Responses to gestational weight management guidance: a thematic analysis of comments made by women in online parenting forums.BMC pregnancy and childbirth,14(1), 216. A?c?, ., Rathfisch, G. (2016). Effect of lifestyle interventions of pregnant women on their dietary habits, lifestyle behaviors, and weight gain: a randomized controlled trial.Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition,35(1), 7. Assari, S. (2014). The link between mental health and obesity: role of individual and contextual factors.Int J Prev Med,5(3), 247-9. Assari, S., Caldwell, C. H. (2015). Gender and ethnic differences in the association between obesity and depression among black adolescents.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities,2(4), 481-493. Assari, S., Lankarani, M. M. (2015). The Association between obesity and weight loss intention weaker among blacks and men than whites and women.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities,2(3), 414-420. Briggs, A. D., Mytton, O. T., Kehlbacher, A., Tiffin, R., Rayner, M., Scarborough, P. (2013). Overall and income specific effect on prevalence of overweight and obesity of 20% sugar sweetened drink tax in UK: econometric and comparative risk assessment modelling study.Bmj,347, f6189. Catenacci, V.A. and Wyatt, H.R., 2007. The role of physical activity in producing and maintaining weight loss.Nature Clinical Practice Endocrinology Metabolism,3(7), pp.518-529. Cawley, J. and Meyerhoefer, C., 2012. The medical care costs of obesity: an instrumental variables approach.Journal of health economics,31(1), pp.219-230. Craig, P., Dieppe, P., Macintyre, S., Michie, S., Nazareth, I. and Petticrew, M., 2008. Developing and evaluating complex interventions: the new Medical Research Council guidance.Bmj,337, p.a1655. Edison, E., Whyte, M., van Vlymen, J., Jones, S., Gatenby, P., de Lusignan, S., Shawe, J. (2016). Bariatric Surgery in Obese Women of Reproductive Age Improves Conditions That Underlie Fertility and Pregnancy Outcomes: Retrospective Cohort Study of UK National Bariatric Surgery Registry (NBSR).Obesity Surgery,26(12), 2837-2842. Evans, A., Ranjit, N., Hoelscher, D., Jovanovic, C., Lopez, M., McIntosh, A., ... Smith, C. (2016). Impact of school-based vegetable garden and physical activity coordinated health interventions on weight status and weight-related behaviors of ethnically diverse, low-income students: Study design and baseline data of the Texas, Grow! Eat! Go!(TGEG) cluster-randomized controlled trial.BMC Public Health,16(1), 973. Flegal, K. M., Carroll, M. D., Kit, B. K., Ogden, C. L. (2012). Prevalence of obesity and trends in the distribution of body mass index among US adults, 1999-2010.Jama,307(5), 491-497. Gortmaker, S. L., Peterson, K., Wiecha, J., Sobol, A. M., Dixit, S., Fox, M. K., Laird, N. (2009). Reducing obesity via a school-based interdisciplinary intervention among youth: Planet Health.Archives of pediatrics adolescent medicine,153(4), 409-418. He, Y., Pan, A., Yang, Y., Wang, Y., Xu, J., Zhang, Y., ... Yan, D. (2016). Prevalence of Underweight, Overweight, and Obesity Among Reproductive-Age Women and Adolescent Girls in Rural China.American Journal of Public Health,106(12), 2103-2110. Kantartzis, K., Machann, J., Schick, F., Rittig, K., Machicao, F., Fritsche, A., ... Stefan, N. (2011). Effects of a lifestyle intervention in metabolically benign and malign obesity.Diabetologia,54(4), 864-868. Loos, R. J., Lindgren, C. M., Li, S., Wheeler, E., Zhao, J. H., Prokopenko, I., ... Berndt, S. I. (2008). Common variants near MC4R are associated with fat mass, weight and risk of obesity.Nature genetics,40(6), 768-775. Marks, R. (2016). Is the Failure to Lose Weight among the Obese Partly Because Obesity is an Addictive Disease.Adv Obes Weight Manag Control,4(3), 00086. Mutsaerts, M. A., Van Oers, A. M., Groen, H., Burggraaff, J. M., Kuchenbecker, W. K., Perquin, D. A., ... Oosterhuis, G. J. (2016). Randomized trial of a lifestyle program in obese infertile women.New England Journal of Medicine,374(20), 1942-1953. Moussa, H. N., Alrais, M. A., Leon, M. G., Abbas, E. L., Sibai, B. M. (2016). Obesity epidemic: impact from preconception to postpartum. Molyneaux, E., Poston, L., Ashurst-Williams, S., Howard, L. M. (2014). Obesity and mental disorders during pregnancy and postpartum: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Obstetrics and gynecology,123(4), 857. Nyman, V. M., Prebensen, . K., Flensner, G. E. (2010). Obese women's experiences of encounters with midwives and physicians during pregnancy and childbirth.Midwifery,26(4), 424-429. Poromaa, I. S. (2015). Effect of obesity on human reproduction.Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica,57(1), K3. Rooney, K. L., Domar, A. D. (2014). The impact of lifestyle behaviors on infertility treatment outcome.Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology,26(3), 181-185. Ruhstaller, K., Elovitz, M., Stringer, M., Durnwald, C. (2016). 278: Does obesity affect maternal mental health during pregnancy?.American Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology,214(1), S161-S162. Tronieri, J. S., Wurst, C. M., Pearl, R. L., Allison, K. C. (2017). Sex Differences in Obesity and Mental Health.Current Psychiatry Reports,19(6), 29. Scarborough, P., Bhatnagar, P., Wickramasinghe, K. K., Allender, S., Foster, C., Rayner, M. (2011). The economic burden of ill health due to diet, physical inactivity, smoking, alcohol and obesity in the UK: an update to 200607 NHS costs.Journal of Public Health,33(4), 527-535. Uzogara, S. G. (2017). Obesity Epidemic, Medical and Quality of Life Consequences: A Review.International Journal of Public Health Research,5(1), 1. Wang, Y. C., McPherson, K., Marsh, T., Gortmaker, S. L., Brown, M. (2011). Health and economic burden of the projected obesity trends in the USA and the UK.The Lancet,378(9793), 815-825.

The Aspects and Activities of the Human Resource Management

Introduction Human resource management is a branch of management which deals with matters that are related to employees of an organization. It covers areas that include the hiring process, development of workers, and safety of the workers, training and motivation among others. It can also be seen as the process of organizing and supervising processes that relate to employees of a firm.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Aspects and Activities of the Human Resource Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It entails gaining the confidence of the employee as well as providing favorable environments for efficient output of the employees. The processes of ensuring efficiency of the employee could include training, motivation and enhanced communication among employees at different level of the organization’s structure. This paper seeks to explore and show that how an organization manages the human resources is fundamental to the goal of achieving collective efficiency. The paper will explore the aspects of human resource management with the aim of establishing whether or not human resource management is a fundamental to achieving collective competitive advantage. The paper will therefore in detail examine the activities and processes that are normally undertaken in the department of human resource management with respect to ascertaining or otherwise, the validity of the above statement. The department of human resource management has a wide range of activities it offers to its organization. The department for example has the responsibility of ensuring that its organization gets the best of available workforce. Mechanisms are for this matter established to ensure that thorough scrutiny is done on job applicants before they are absorbed into the firm. Also in the department of human resource is the remuneration and rewarding of a firm’s workers according to contracts and policies of the subject company. The department also offers and organizes for trainings and workshops for employees in the bid to enhance their productivity in the firm. Other duties of the department include: ensuring that codes of conducts and company’s regulations are adhered to by employees, providing a working environment that ensures the workers safety as well as a discrimination free atmosphere and ensuring quality performances by employees among others (McNamara, n.d., p. 1). The recruitment and selection process involves the sourcing and subsequent selection of candidates to be absorbed by a firm. It is an important process in the organization as it seeks to find out the person who can best fit into the need of the company. As Elearn (2009) expressed, â€Å"if the wrong person is appointed, it can affect team work† (Elearn, 2009, p. 1979). A team player is important in motivating co-workers in order to boost productivity. Failure to get this kind of employee during th e selection process can mean a reduced efficiency and productivity. It is the duty of the human resource management to analyze the necessity of the vacancy so as to obtain the best candidate for the job. The competent candidate who can build team work will be a key to achieving collective advantage in the organization (Elearn, 2009, p. 1979).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Training and seminars often yield benefits to the trained employees and the organization as well. One of the effects of training on an employee is the satisfaction derived from using the newly acquired skills. After the training, the employee will want to exercise the newly acquired skills. The eagerness, in its own merit, will enhance the performance of workers in terms of output. The benefits of training also include employees’ performance. The concepts learnt during trainings normally have the e ffects of improving the work efficiency of the trained personnel. This has a net effect of improved individual productivity of the workers which translates to the corporate output of the organization. Buckley and Caple (2007) argued that trainings help institutions to meeting their goals. Further trainings on leadership which is the key to team work and developments, are on the other hand key collective achievements in the organization. Training therefore is critical in development of aspects of operations of an organization (Buckley and Caple, 2007, P. 9). When employees are trained, they gain some sort of security at the workplace that instills in them some level of satisfaction. Their satisfaction then translates to efficiency and dedication in their work processes. The overall result is an improved way of handling and maintains the equipments and machinery of the institution. This will also ensure that quality is improved in the firm as well as reduced chances of accidents. Trai ning is therefore a very important aspect in improving the productivity of the firm at both individual and corporate levels. The main aim is however to improve the collective capacity of the institution (Singla, 2010, P. 13). Retention of employees in the firm is another aspect of the human resource management that ensures achievement of objectives. According to Taylor (2010), the retention of employees involves measures that will make the employees feel part of the firms. For the employees to own the company they are working they must have confidence in it. The retention of employees can be achieved in a number of ways. One of the strategies of retention is to take into consideration the views and feeling of the employees. Tailor’s case study (2010) on employee turnover rate indicates that enlisting the opinions of the workers is one of the ways to keep them satisfied at the firm (Tailor, 2010). Flexible working conditions are other techniques of reducing the social strain o n workers. The flexible advantages include leaves, paid or unpaid, which helps workers to improve the balance between work and social responsibilities at home. Promoting employees is another way of retaining workers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Aspects and Activities of the Human Resource Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is a technique that an organization can use to source for personnel from inside the organization. This involves an organization molding its existing workers and taking them up the management ladder instead of recruiting for such positions externally. One of the implied advantages to this practice is that the administration will comprise of a class of individuals who have been at the firm for a considerable duration of time. This class therefore understands the mechanism of the firm and its employees. A more effective management and administration will therefore be establi shed faster than when a new manager or administrator was to be sourced from outside. The cohesion established by retention of employees is also a source of motivation and security that enhances the worker’s performances (Taylor, 2002, p. 3). Mobility of employees also has a financial implication on an organization. There will be a cost of recruiting and selecting people to replace the lost employees. There could be another risk of losing good employees who could at times be irreplaceable. According to the Manager (2010), the cost of employee turnover is significantly higher than the employee’s remunerations, approximately fifty percent higher (Manager, 2010, p. 1). Brandau Karla (2010) also describes retention leadership as a new tool that is â€Å"reemerging in the executive arsenal with powerful implications for driving business success† (Brandau, 2010, p. 1). Techniques should therefore be put in place by the human resource management to ensure that employee retention is a core value to be embraced by an organization. The retention can be achieved by offering lucrative conditions to the employees or by establishing the need for intention during contract signing (Brandau, 2010, p. 1). The productivity of an organization can also be achieved through promotions. The promotions can be in terms of positions at the organization or incentives offered to employees based on performance. Many organizations offer outstanding motivational packages to top performing employees. It is often viewed as an appreciation to the particular employee for the good performance. The promotions that could include trips and even material offers are also meant to trigger other workers to excellent performance so that they can also achieve the promotions. This type of promotion is characteristic of service providing companies in which the employee’s efforts can be directly traced to the product. Dewan and Sudarshan (1996) expressed the view that such promotio ns are also meant to show the employees that their contribution to the organization is â€Å"important and appreciated† (Dewan and Sudarshan, 1996, p. 1). This can arguably build confidence and motivation among the rewarded as well as the others who would then aspire to be rewarded. The end result will be good performance by the employees on the ground of motivation and willingness, a move that will improve productivity of the organization (Dewan and Sudarshan, 1996, p. 22). Nyambegera (2005) on the other hand discussed the importance of structural promotion with respect to the organization’s structural levels.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nyambegera (2005) argued that a vacancy in a company can be filled by either sourcing a new employee from outside the firm or by promoting an organization’s existing worker into the vacancy. He further argued that an organization’s existing employees are â€Å"familiar and comfortable with the people, procedures, policies, and special characteristics of the organization† (Nyambegera, 2005, p. 124). The resources that would be spent in the recruiting and selection process, in terms of finances and time, can be saved for other activities of the organization. Promotion, rather than sourcing an employee from outside the firm also reduces the risks of employing an incompetent person. According to Nyambegera’s (2005) argument, the management having had employees over their period of existence at the firm will be in a position to judge from the past performances of each employee to determine their capability to fill the new position. The recruitment of a new emp loyee however relies on representations of competence that remains to be proved if the applicant is given the opportunity to work for the company. This involves a risk of believing the applicant’s credentials and hoping that the applicant performs as good as his or her credentials represents him or her (Nyambegera, 2005, p. 124). There is a need to ensure that all workers meet the requirements of the organization. The rules and regulations include external policies and the institution’s established guidelines that safeguards coexistence of workers as well as the codes of ethics and conducts of the institution. Some of the regulations are instituted by a company to prevent acts that are deemed harmful or offensive to other workers. Some of the regulations are on the other hand implied by national regulations like the occupational safety and health act while others are internally instituted to ensure safety and good working environment. The ensured conducive and safe wor king environment is a motivation to the employee as the employee experience the care and responsibility of the company over the employee’s life and welfare. The good state of a company can also enhance the effectiveness and productivity of the individual workers and the company as a whole (Panszczyk, Kennedy and Turan, 2004, p. 317). Kennedy, Schulz and Robert (2005) also expressed the need for compliance to rules and regulations by employees. In view of the authors argument, â€Å"compliance with laws and regulations is a necessary corporate motivator† (Kennedy, Schulz and Robert, 2005, p. 11). Further measures are also required to instill values of integrity which all employees must be subject to. Compliance and commitment to regulations increases accountability both at employee level as well as the corporate level of the organization (Kennedy, Schulz and Robert, 2005, p. 11). Compliance to national legislations could as well save a firm from mistakes that can lock o ut some talented and skilled candidates for employment. An organization recruitment plan that could otherwise be discriminative in the short run basis could lock out people who might be the best talent that the company ever wanted. Legislations however try to protect citizens against such discrimination and the employment process is not an exception to these regulations. A company’s compliance with these anti-discriminatory policies gives it a wider range of sourcing for workers and this increased range, by mathematical concept, increases chances of getting the best of employees. The discriminations could be due to age, sex or even race (Buckley, 2008, p. 5). To obtain at least reasonable output form employees, the organization that has employed the human resource must ensure that these resources are given an environment that will promote their working processes. Most of the conditions to this work friendly environment are requirements subject to human rights adherence. An em ploying organization through its human resource management must ensure that its workers are in a safe and healthy environment. The safety and health conditions at workplaces are critically important especially in construction and chemical related industries. The measures like preventing falls from high levels in a building construction sites and preventing leaks in a chemical manufacturing companies among others eliminates fears among workers as they carry out their activities. The fear of unsafe and unhealthy working conditions have the effects of scaring away workers or subjecting the workers to extra caution that could even draw their concentration away from working to taking care of the risks that could endanger their lives. Other measures, according to Schneeman (2000) that the human resource management looks into in regard to work environment include: â€Å"fair employment practices, environmental protection and practices, compliance with laws and maintaining thorough leaders hip at all levels of the organization† (Schneeman, 2000, p. 201). Peggy (2009) upon research noted that employees are keen on issues such as: equity in the provision of remunerations and motivational rewards, provision of a healthy and safe working environment, establishment of a workplace that is accommodative with respect to social and family issues, attention to the needs of the organization’s employees and communication of the organization’s plans and intentions among others. These issues, depending on an organization’s human resource management’s approach in tackling them, have a direct effect to the attitude developed by employees towards the management in general. The developed attitude consequently will determine the productivity and efficiency of the individual employees and the organization as a body (Peggy, 2009, p. 73). Fernando (2009) identified human resource as perishable substance. According to Fernando (2009), the responsibility of preserving this perishable item rests on the management of the organization. The human resource department should make sure that the employees are well taken care of so that the labor that they offer is not lost due to discouragements and lack of motivational innovations. Issues such as â€Å"equal opportunities, encouragement of whistle blowing, humane treatment of employees, employee empowerment, participative and collaborative environment† (Fernando, 2009, p. 63) among others affect labor output of employees. The administration therefore influences the employee productivity depending on how it handles such matters (Fernando, 2009, p. 64). Once the human resource has been recruited, selected, oriented and finally trained and molded into the organization’s expectations, the task that remains is to maintain the employee at his or her peak of performance. The management of performance at this level takes into consideration both an individual employee as well as the imme diate team or group that the employee works in and finally the general organization. This management should be strategic to explore issues from a wider perspective with focus on long term goals. The performance management should: be inclusive of various departments and levels of management, focus on sustaining the performance and even improving the performance, and develop the capacities of the employees and to build on behavioral practices (Sharma, 2009, p. 213; Singla, 2010). According to Bohlander and Snell (2009), it is important for the human resource management to understand what its staff is going through during the period of development. This is specifically important to help employees not lap back from their achieved high performance levels. An achieved high performance level should be monitored over time and matters that arise relating to the performance level addressed. The monitoring process should establish among others things: the existence of team work, availability o f empowerment to the employees, success derived from training sessions and fair treatment of employees in the course of their duty (Bohlander and Snell, 2009, p. 730). Pasmore’s research on performance (2010) indicated that even facilities that acquired a high performance level were liable to losing their performance efficiency. The loss of performance of the machinery can also translate to reduced performance levels of the employees. The loss of efficiency in the machinery can also be used to understand the fact that human beings can as well be trained to a level of performance and still lose it and experience inefficiency (Pasmore, 2010, p. 84). Conclusion In view of the above discussion, which has been exploring the aspects and activities of the human resource management, it is evident that this branch of management is very influential in the operation of an organization. Its processes like selecting, training and sustaining employees directly contributes to the individual performance of the employees which is then translated into team performance and finally the productivity of an organization. Due to the interdependence of departments of every organization and the fact that a large number of processes in every organization require human attention, directly or indirectly, the management of these employees is a very important determinant in the overall operation of each organization. It can therefore be concluded that the management of the human resource is core to achieving competitive advantage of business entities. References Bohlander, G. and Snell, S. (2009) Managing Human Resources. Canada: Cengage Learning. Brandau, K. (2010) Retention leadership. Web. Buckley, F. (2008) Equal Employment Opportunity Compliance Guide. New York: Aspen Publishers. Buckley, R. and Caple, J. (2007) The Theory and Practice of Training. London: Kogan Page Publishers. Dewan, M. and Sudarshan, N. (1996) Promotion management. New Delhi: Discovery publishing house. Elear n, D. (2009) Recruitment and Selection. Burlington: Elsevier. Fernando, C. (2009) Corporate Governance: Principles, Policies and Practices. India: Pearson Education India. Kennedy, d., Schulz, B. and Robert, S. (2005) Corporate integrity: a toolkit for managing beyond compliance. San Francisco: John Wiley and Sons. Manager. (2010) Human Resources Management – Employee Retention. Web. McNamara, C. (n.d.) All About Human Resources and Talent Management. Web. Nyambegera, S. (2005) Human resource management, A biblical perspective. Nairobi: Uzima publishing house. Panszczyk, L., Kennedy, D. and Turan, T. (2004) US master employee benefits guide. New York: CCH Incorporated. Pasmore, W. (2010) Research in Organizational Change and Development. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing. Peggy, C. (2009) Looking beyond profit: small shareholders and the values imperative. Farnham: Gower Publishing. Schneeman, A. (2000) Paralegal ethics. New York: Cengage Learning. Sharma, K. (2009) Handbook Of HRM Practices: Management Policies and Practices. New Delhi, India: Global India Publications. Singla, K. (2010) Business management. New Delhi: FK Publishers. Tailor, S. (2002) The employee retention handbook. London: CIPD Publishing. This essay on The Aspects and Activities of the Human Resource Management was written and submitted by user Maxton V. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Educational reform Essay Example

Educational reform Essay Example Educational reform Essay Educational reform Essay The subject of educational reform in light of the internet generation is one that is both controversial and thought provoking. When you look at quality of sources books are reputable but persistently outdated; the internet is updated constantly and cost- effective. The internet also provides incomparable numbers of sources for information, whereas a classroom has a regimented set of curriculum support from books and handouts. Classroom settings also only provide a peer to peer connection in eyesight, with a narrow scope of life experiences to diversify opinions. The internet is in no way crippled in that way, and diversity promotes creativity and growth. These reasons alone are enough of a reason why I believe that education is better provided when offered over the internet. When it comes to current information on the internet, there are a wealth of places that can further your research and provide a plethora of knowledge for free. Books in classrooms arena anywhere near free and the books are written from some time before the turn of the millennium, if not before the nineties. Books are constantly being re-written, too; they arent a cost-effective means of conveying information anymore. The internet is always being updated and peer-reviewed for accuracy, and you obviously dont have to buy it every time a new source is introduced. In classrooms, the teacher provides information through mediums of leaflets, books, printed handouts and movies. Setting aside the previously conveyed points of cost and out dated information, these methods are also narrowed in scope simply by the fact that it is regimented. Simply put, if the teacher doesnt provide another means of the information, the students arent guaranteed to get enough. The internet is frequently akin to an ocean of information, everywhere you look you can find sources and studies, and quite often you can gain the same ideas provided in the source material and then some because there is an unlimited scope at your disposal. The internet is no longer the next big thing, it is the now. Every first world country has access to some form of the internet, and with it they bring their own experiences ND knowledge. There is simply no accurate way to bring this kind of diversity into a classroom setting in any other way. Subjects like racism and bigotry simply cannot exist without a narrow minded scope of ideology, and meeting people from other countries or even other states can help broaden the horizons of knowledge for students. Diversity in general is highly touted as a way to solve problems and bring new ideas to the table, why wouldnt you want such a good thing for students in the ext generation? Without a higher standard of learning, the United States will remain falling on the list of countries with college graduates. Outdated sources of information and limited mediums of conveyance are easily to blame, and the solution lies before us on nearly every smart phone and computer; the internet is the ultimate conveyance of school. We need to move with other developed countries into the now, not stay in 1976 when your book was printed and your teacher was born.

Techno-Optimism is pervasive Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Techno-Optimism is pervasive - Essay Example Techno – optimism is universal despite presence of numerous and serious shortcomings as well as consequences of past technologies. For instance, the introduction of computers has been instrumental in transforming the world and easing various computer related processes thereby, increasing production and improving human life. However, the 1956 project by IBM to design the world’s supercomputer IBM 7030 was a big failure (ITs biggest project failures, 2015, p 1). The computer also known as Stretch, could handle half million instructions every second, and was thus regarded as the fastest. This technology was a failure since it could only reach 30- 40 times faster than the system it was intended to replace. Therefore, Stretch could not meet its intended target of being 100 times faster than the target system. Due to the failure, IBM was forced to lower the value of Stretch from the initially planned value of $ 13.5million to $7.8million (ITs biggest project failures, 2015, p 1). This selling price was below total production cost thus, forcing the company to halt production of Stretch with only nine having been built. Despite the failure, society is still optimistic with the invention and believes that additional or more advanced technology will in future offer satisfactory solutions. For instance, one of the Stretch team members; Fran Allen acknowledged that the entire process led to development of various technologies which, have assisted in shaping of the computer building industry (ITs biggest project failures, 2015, p 1). However, this is in disregard to the production loses incurred as well as the time and energy used in the entire process. Therefore, I believe that the idea of technology advancement is a noble notion which, is critical in shaping and making life relatively easier and stress free on earth. However, being too much optimistic is dangerous since it comes with severe consequences and shortcomings. These include